Martial Arts Glossary: Terms Explained from A to Z

Martial Arts Glossary: Terms Explained from A to Z

Martial arts bring together vocabulary from Japanese, Korean, Portuguese and English, covering uniforms, grading systems, weapons and protective gear. This glossary collects that vocabulary from A to Z in one place, with a short, plain explanation for each term and a link to the full entry where relevant.

Use it whenever you come across an unfamiliar word on this site, in class, or on a product listing elsewhere, such as obi, tameshigiri or pearl weave. Each entry also links back to the overview page or guide where that term is discussed in more practical depth, so the glossary works well both as a quick lookup while reading and as a starting point for exploring a topic further on your own.

B

  • BJJ giA BJJ gi is the uniform used in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, built with a reinforced collar for the sport's collar an…
  • Bo staffThe bo is a long wooden staff, roughly six feet in length, used as a weapon in Okinawan kobudo and related ar…
  • Bogu (kendo armour)Bogu is the set of protective armour worn in kendo, covering the head, torso, waist and hands during sparring.
  • BokkenA bokken is a solid wooden sword used for safe, repeatable training in kendo, aikido, iaido and related arts.
  • Boxing glovesBoxing gloves are padded gloves that cushion both the wearer's hands and the target when punching in sparring…
  • BudoBudo is the umbrella term for the Japanese martial ways, from judo and karate to kendo and aikido.

D

  • Dan gradesDan grades are the black belt level ranks in Japanese martial arts, numbered upward from first dan.
  • DojoA dojo is the hall or room where a martial art is taught and practised, literally the place of the way.
  • Dojo kunThe dojo kun is a short set of precepts, often recited together in class, stating the values and conduct a sc…
  • Double weaveDouble weave is a heavier, more durable gi fabric construction, favoured for its toughness at the cost of ext…

F

  • Focus mittsFocus mitts are flat, targeted training pads held by a partner to sharpen punch accuracy, timing and combinat…

G

  • Gi (keikogi)A gi, short for keikogi, is the traditional jacket, trousers and belt worn for training in judo, karate and r…
  • Gi weight (oz and gsm)Gi weight, expressed in ounces or gsm, describes how heavy and thick a uniform's fabric is, which affects dur…
  • Groin guardA groin guard is a protective cup or shield worn to reduce the risk of injury to the pelvic area during conta…

H

  • HakamaA hakama is a wide, pleated, skirt like garment worn over the trousers of a gi in aikido and several other Ja…
  • Hand mittsHand mitts are padded targets worn on a coach or partner's hands, used to receive and shape a training partne…
  • Hand wrapsHand wraps are long strips of fabric wound around the hand and wrist to support the joints before gloves go o…
  • Head guardA head guard is padded headgear worn during sparring in striking arts to help cushion impact to the head.
  • Heavy bagA heavy bag is a large, stationary padded bag, hung or free standing, used for solo striking and conditioning…

I

  • IaitoAn iaito is an unsharpened practice sword, usually made of a zinc or aluminium alloy, used for solo iaido tra…
  • IBJJF legalIBJJF legal describes a Brazilian jiu jitsu gi that meets the IBJJF's rules on fit, fabric weight and permitt…
  • IJF approvedIJF approved describes a judogi that meets the International Judo Federation's rules for cut, weight and cons…

J

  • Jo staffThe jo is a shorter staff, typically around four feet long, used chiefly in aikido and jodo.
  • JudogiA judogi is the sturdy, reinforced uniform worn for judo, built to withstand heavy gripping and throwing.

K

  • KarategiA karategi is the lighter, more freely cut uniform worn for karate training and competition.
  • KataKata is a fixed, prearranged sequence of movements practised on one's own to train technique, timing and form.
  • Kick shieldA kick shield is a large, held pad that lets a partner practise full power kicks, knees and combinations safe…
  • KihonKihon is the practice of basic techniques, drilled individually and repeatedly to build a solid technical fou…
  • KumiteKumite is the sparring component of karate, ranging from prearranged, controlled drills to full competitive m…
  • Kyu gradesKyu grades are the student level ranks in many Japanese martial arts, numbered downward toward the first dan …

M

  • MakiwaraA makiwara is a padded, upright striking post used in traditional karate to condition and refine punching tec…
  • MMA glovesMMA gloves are lightly padded, open fingered gloves that allow striking as well as grappling and grip based t…
  • MouthguardA mouthguard is a protective piece worn over the teeth to reduce the risk of dental and jaw injury during con…

N

  • NunchakuNunchaku are two short sticks joined by a cord or chain, an Okinawan kobudo weapon requiring careful, gradual…

O

  • Obi (belt)An obi is the belt that closes a gi and, in many styles, shows a student's grade through its colour.

P

  • Pearl weavePearl weave is a fabric weave common on Brazilian jiu jitsu gi jackets, valued for being light, durable and q…

R

  • RandoriRandori is free, live practice against a resisting or cooperating partner, used mainly in judo and aikido.
  • Rash guardA rash guard is a snug, stretchy top worn under a gi or on its own during no gi grappling to reduce friction …
  • Rei (bowing)Rei is the Japanese term for a formal bow, used at the start and end of training and at other set moments in …
  • RipstopRipstop is a fabric woven with a grid of reinforcing threads that stops a small tear from spreading further.

S

  • SaiThe sai is a metal, dagger shaped weapon with two curved prongs, traditionally used in pairs in Okinawan kobu…
  • SenseiSensei is the Japanese honorific used for a martial arts teacher, roughly meaning one who came before.
  • Shin guardsShin guards are padded protective pieces covering the lower leg, worn during kicking based sparring and pad w…
  • ShinaiA shinai is a sword shaped implement made of bamboo staves, used for full contact sparring in kendo.
  • ShinkenA shinken is a real, sharpened Japanese sword, reserved for experienced practitioners rather than everyday pr…
  • Single weaveSingle weave is a lighter, more traditional gi fabric construction, generally softer and more flexible than h…
  • SpatsSpats are snug, stretchy, ankle length leggings worn under shorts for no gi grappling, similar in purpose to …

T

  • TameshigiriTameshigiri, meaning test cutting, is the practice of cutting a soft target with a sword to check technique a…
  • Tatami matsTatami mats are the cushioned flooring used for judo, BJJ and other arts that involve throws and groundwork.
  • TonfaThe tonfa is a wooden baton with a perpendicular side handle, an Okinawan kobudo weapon that influenced polic…
  • TsubaA tsuba is the disc shaped hand guard fitted between the blade and handle of a Japanese sword or sword shaped…

U

  • Ukemi (breakfalls)Ukemi is the skill of falling and rolling safely, taught early in judo, aikido and other throwing based arts.

W

  • Wall padA wall pad, sometimes called a makiwara pad, is a fixed cushioned panel used for striking practice against a …
  • WKF approvedWKF approved describes a karategi and related equipment that meets World Karate Federation rules for sanction…